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咖啡的靈魂塑造者—咖啡師

咖啡师是指熟悉咖啡文化、制作方法及技巧的专业制作咖啡的服务人员。约从1990年开始，英文采用 Barista 这个字来称呼制作浓缩咖啡(Espresso)相关饮品的专家。意大利文Barista，对应英文的 bartender（酒保）；单数双性；复数阳性 baristi，复数阴性 bariste。中文称作咖啡师或咖啡调理师。

2010-2015年，咖啡消費市場進入高速發展期。咖啡消費在中國城市裏，平均每人每年的咖啡消費量是4杯，即使是在北京、上海這樣的大城市，每人每年的消費量也僅有20杯。而在日本和英國，平均每人每天就要喝一杯咖啡。日本和英國都是世界著名的咖啡文化國家，已經發展成了巨大的咖啡市場。擁有強大茶文化的中國具有廣闊的咖啡消費潛力，正在成爲世界上最大的咖啡消費市場。在國內許多大中城市咖啡專業場所數量每年在以25%左右的速度增長。正因爲中國咖啡市場處于起步階段，中國咖啡消費增速驚人，這意味著一個巨大的機遇已經降臨，意味著有更多的機會，更大的利潤回報空間。而這無疑給衆多計劃開一家充滿情調、浪漫、溫馨的咖啡館的有識之士帶來新的發展機遇。中國咖啡銷售每年只有700億元的市場，缺口達到9300億元之多。因此，該産業潛力無限。

國內咖啡師人才緊缺，手藝精湛的咖啡師價格不菲。就國外的情況而言，意大利咖啡師的待遇在1000-3000歐元之間，相當于意大利銀行裏的中層管理人員的工資待遇,而且意大利的咖啡師在社會上也有很高的社會地位，受到人們的尊敬。因爲大家都知道，不是每一個人都可以做好咖啡的。而就意大利本土市場而言，好的咖啡師也是不夠用的,因此根本見不到有意大利的咖啡師到外國去工作。

职业定义　Barista 更早以前的称呼比较直接——浓缩咖啡拉把员(espresso puller)。这名词的转变，或多或少是因为1980年以后生产的义式咖啡机大多不再有拉把。有些人认为 Barista技巧的孰劣可由一杯浓缩咖啡中的咖啡脂(crema)来评断。

而言 Barista 可以从站在吧台里的生手概括到累积多年经验的咖啡侍者(coffee sommelier)。

業內人士稱，在國外，咖啡師制作的不僅是一杯咖啡，也是在創造一種咖啡文化。他們主要在各種咖啡館、西餐廳、酒吧等從事咖啡制作工作。據了解，北京、上海、青島、深圳、廣州等大城市，每年市場缺口在2萬人左右。好的咖啡師一般有很多追隨者，在一些咖啡廳，經常有客人就爲了品嘗某位咖啡師制作的咖啡慕名而來。

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"We walked by the side of our teams or behind the wagons, we slept on the ground at night, we did our own cooking, we washed our knives by sticking them into the ground rapidly a few times, and we washed our plates with sand and wisps of grass. When we stopped, we arranged our wagons in a circle, and thus formed a 'corral,' or yard, where we drove our oxen to yoke them up. And the corral was often very useful as a fort, or camp, for defending ourselves against the Indians. Do you see that little hollow down there?" he asked, pointing to a depression in the ground a short distance to the right of the train. "Well, in that hollow our wagon-train was kept three days and nights by the Indians. Three days and nights they stayed around, and made several attacks. Two of our men were killed and three were wounded by their arrows, and others had narrow escapes. One arrow hit me on the throat, but I was saved by the knot of my neckerchief, and the point only tore the skin a little. Since that time I have always had a fondness for large neckties. I don't know how many of the Indians we killed, as they carried off their dead and wounded, to save them from being scalped. Next to getting the scalps of their enemies, the most important thing with the Indians is to save their own. We had several fights during our journey, but that one was the worst. Once a little party of us were surrounded in a small 'wallow,' and had a tough time to defend ourselves successfully. Luckily for us, the Indians had no fire-arms then, and their bows and arrows were no match for our rifles. Nowadays they are well armed, but there are[Pg 41] not so many of them, and they are not inclined to trouble the railway trains. They used to do a great deal of mischief in the old times, and many a poor fellow has been killed by them." The boys looked in the direction indicated, but could see nothing. 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