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首页 >> 咖啡專欄 >>咖啡文化 >> 咖啡烘焙是一個“時間—溫度”的相互依賴過程

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咖啡烘焙是一個“時間—溫度”的相互依賴過程

在咖啡豆被采摘後的加工過程中，烘焙是最後也是最重要的一個環節。生咖啡豆不能直接用來做飲用咖啡，所有的咖啡豆在研磨、煮泡之前都必須經過烘焙。未經烘焙的咖啡通常稱作“生咖啡”，與烘焙過的咖啡相比，生咖啡的保質期可達一年。生咖啡豆的個頭小、密度大且非常堅硬，不從事咖啡業的人可能都認不出生咖啡豆來。生咖啡有一種類似青草的味道，從外觀和風味上看，與我們通常想象中的咖啡豆幾乎風馬牛不相及。正是烘焙過程，才産生了咖啡獨特的風味和美妙的香氣。

一般地讲，咖啡烘焙是一个“时间———温度”的相互依赖过程，在这一过程中，生咖啡内会产生物理变化和化学反应。在烘焙的最初阶段，生豆逐渐变黄，水份逐渐排出，当温度升至一定阈值时，出现第一次爆裂，咖啡豆的体积变大。在烘焙的第二阶段，随着豆温的不断升高，一系列复杂的化学转化开始出现，咖啡豆的体积继续增大，颜色变得更深。随着温度继续升高，芳香性的油类在豆表形成，从而产生第二次爆裂。煮泡咖啡中萃取出的许多成份，在生咖啡中根本不存在，而是在咖啡烘焙的过程中产生的。

最後是決定何時結束烘焙：咖啡豆從烘焙倉進入冷卻倉冷卻，讓咖啡豆停止化學反應。

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"We walked by the side of our teams or behind the wagons, we slept on the ground at night, we did our own cooking, we washed our knives by sticking them into the ground rapidly a few times, and we washed our plates with sand and wisps of grass. When we stopped, we arranged our wagons in a circle, and thus formed a 'corral,' or yard, where we drove our oxen to yoke them up. And the corral was often very useful as a fort, or camp, for defending ourselves against the Indians. Do you see that little hollow down there?" he asked, pointing to a depression in the ground a short distance to the right of the train. "Well, in that hollow our wagon-train was kept three days and nights by the Indians. Three days and nights they stayed around, and made several attacks. Two of our men were killed and three were wounded by their arrows, and others had narrow escapes. One arrow hit me on the throat, but I was saved by the knot of my neckerchief, and the point only tore the skin a little. Since that time I have always had a fondness for large neckties. I don't know how many of the Indians we killed, as they carried off their dead and wounded, to save them from being scalped. Next to getting the scalps of their enemies, the most important thing with the Indians is to save their own. We had several fights during our journey, but that one was the worst. Once a little party of us were surrounded in a small 'wallow,' and had a tough time to defend ourselves successfully. Luckily for us, the Indians had no fire-arms then, and their bows and arrows were no match for our rifles. Nowadays they are well armed, but there are[Pg 41] not so many of them, and they are not inclined to trouble the railway trains. They used to do a great deal of mischief in the old times, and many a poor fellow has been killed by them." The boys looked in the direction indicated, but could see nothing. This is not surprising, when we remember that sailors' eyes are accustomed to great distances, and can frequently see objects distinctly long before landsmen can make them out. Mr. Charlton's melancholy eyes seemed to be fixed on space. Just for the moment he had forgotten that he was not alone. Lawrence gave a sympathetic cough. As a matter of fact, he had not yet explained what he was doing there, and the longer the explanation was postponed the better he would be pleased. "You see our patient has gone," Balmayne said smoothly. "As a matter of fact, the whole thing was a ridiculous mistake. But you must not blame us. The blame is due to the charming young lady who sent for you. But that is one of the drawbacks of your noble profession. Goodnight." In one of the inmost circles, a sacred elephant had gone must, breaking his ropes, and confined now by only one leg. The chains fastened round his feet as soon as he showed the first symptoms of madness were lying broken in heaps on the ground. The brute had demolished the walls of his stable and then two sheds that happened to be in his way; now he was stamping a dance, every muscle in incessant motion, half swallowing his trunk, flinging straw in every direction, and finally heaping it on his head. A mob of people stood gazing from a distance, laughing at his heavy, clumsy movements; at the least step forward they[Pg 113] huddled back to fly, extending the circle, but still staring at the patient. In an adjoining stable were two more elephants very well cared for, the V neatly painted in red and white on their trunks, quietly eating and turning round only at the bidding of the driver; but one of them shed tears. The rajah's sleeping-room has at one end a dais ascended by three steps; here the sovereign's bed used to be spread; and here, now, the judges of the Supreme Court have their seats. In the middle of the room was a confused array of benches and tables, and against the walls, also washed with yellow, hung a series of portraits of bewigged worthies. No new clues offered themselves. He detached one of the hard, adhering chunks of gum and dropped it into his pocket, “just in case,” he said, half-grinning, “just in case they transfer themselves somewhere else. I’ll leave twenty-nine of them—and see.” The Lieutenant and Si and Shorty tried to make themselves believe that the noise was receding, showing that the rebels were being driven. At times it certainly was so, and then again it would burst out, Naturally, the boys were big-eyed all the time with the sights that filled the landscape near and far. Wherever they looked they were astonished, and when in a march they came out on a crest that commanded a wide view, they could not help halting, to drink all its wonders in. 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