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日本人的咖啡文化及曆史

最初咖啡傳到日本是元祿年間的長崎出島。而人們正式接受是從明治時代開始。以下我們來看看日本的咖啡史吧！

最初，其味道香醇日本人還不太習慣西歐諸國的咖啡屋接二連三地開幕之際，可謂咖啡文化的文學與藝術正值開花時期，而日本正處于江戶時代嚴曆的鎖國政策中。當時最先端的飲料咖啡是在長崎出島的荷蘭商館設立(1641年)推測是當時被攜帶進來的。然而能與外國人接觸的是役人（官員）商人通譯與遊女。1776年記載的"尊貝魯日本紀行"上"二、三個通譯終于知道咖啡的美味。特地傳到出島來象征洋文化的"咖啡"在當時也無法普及。"

日本人喝咖啡的是 1804年狂歌师戏作者，大田蜀山人在"琼浦又缀"一书中，在红毛船上被请喝叫"咖啡的东西，豆炒得黑黑呈粉状，与白糖搅和后饮用，味道焦苦的臭味与苦味无法适应。从咖啡自出岛输入而无法广为接受的背景来看，锁国政策的确影响了日本人对新饮料味道的不习惯。

1823年到日本駐地出島的荷蘭公館的西飽爾特，好像蠻喜愛咖啡。在"江戶參府記行"一書中記載著"日本人與我們相處時，喜歡喝咖啡"。

真正的普及是从明治中期开始。创刊的文艺杂志"昂"的会员北原白秋、石川啄木、高村光太郎、佐藤春夫、永井荷风等以日本桥小网町的"鸿之巢"场所作为每月会合的地点。在那店里可以饮用道地的法国料理与洋酒、咖啡也是道地法国式深烘焙咖啡。鸿之巢就好像文人的社交场。

從明治時代到大正時代，像這樣的文化沙龍的確幫助産生了幾家咖啡屋，日本也終于進入咖啡文化的風氣。然而對一般人來說依然是一種難得的店鋪罷了。

當時所形成的咖啡沙龍是文人或文學青年們的社交場所，但同時平價化的咖啡屋在不知不覺中盛行。大正時代的最盛時期，全國約有二十多家分店。爲何咖啡沙龍如此受人歡迎呢？因爲在高級西洋料理店的咖啡，當時一杯15錢，而模仿巴黎或紐約的咖啡店，則徹底實施一杯5錢的低價位咖啡。因此以三分之一的價格就可以以道地且味香的巴西原味咖啡。在全國知名的咖啡沙龍，品嘗到美味咖啡的日本人難以數計。咖啡沙龍爲大衆化咖啡留下不可磨滅的功績。

在大正時代咖啡的愛好者確實增加很多，進入昭和時代更受大衆的喜愛，第二次世界大戰卻因咖啡乃"敵國飲料"而停止輸入。在日本人的生活中，咖啡一時銷聲匿迹。咖啡以"和平的使者"身份受到人們的感激和喜愛。

目前日本咖啡市场的情况竞争相当激烈。包括沏茶店与家庭普通咖啡与即溶咖啡，家庭咖啡与办公室咖啡，各种罐装咖啡，加上好客咖啡，美味咖啡等。特别是进入平成时代更加道地的咖啡需求也随之增加了

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"We walked by the side of our teams or behind the wagons, we slept on the ground at night, we did our own cooking, we washed our knives by sticking them into the ground rapidly a few times, and we washed our plates with sand and wisps of grass. When we stopped, we arranged our wagons in a circle, and thus formed a 'corral,' or yard, where we drove our oxen to yoke them up. And the corral was often very useful as a fort, or camp, for defending ourselves against the Indians. Do you see that little hollow down there?" he asked, pointing to a depression in the ground a short distance to the right of the train. "Well, in that hollow our wagon-train was kept three days and nights by the Indians. Three days and nights they stayed around, and made several attacks. Two of our men were killed and three were wounded by their arrows, and others had narrow escapes. One arrow hit me on the throat, but I was saved by the knot of my neckerchief, and the point only tore the skin a little. Since that time I have always had a fondness for large neckties. I don't know how many of the Indians we killed, as they carried off their dead and wounded, to save them from being scalped. Next to getting the scalps of their enemies, the most important thing with the Indians is to save their own. We had several fights during our journey, but that one was the worst. Once a little party of us were surrounded in a small 'wallow,' and had a tough time to defend ourselves successfully. Luckily for us, the Indians had no fire-arms then, and their bows and arrows were no match for our rifles. Nowadays they are well armed, but there are[Pg 41] not so many of them, and they are not inclined to trouble the railway trains. They used to do a great deal of mischief in the old times, and many a poor fellow has been killed by them." The boys looked in the direction indicated, but could see nothing. This is not surprising, when we remember that sailors' eyes are accustomed to great distances, and can frequently see objects distinctly long before landsmen can make them out. Mr. Charlton's melancholy eyes seemed to be fixed on space. Just for the moment he had forgotten that he was not alone. Lawrence gave a sympathetic cough. As a matter of fact, he had not yet explained what he was doing there, and the longer the explanation was postponed the better he would be pleased. "You see our patient has gone," Balmayne said smoothly. "As a matter of fact, the whole thing was a ridiculous mistake. But you must not blame us. The blame is due to the charming young lady who sent for you. But that is one of the drawbacks of your noble profession. Goodnight." In one of the inmost circles, a sacred elephant had gone must, breaking his ropes, and confined now by only one leg. The chains fastened round his feet as soon as he showed the first symptoms of madness were lying broken in heaps on the ground. The brute had demolished the walls of his stable and then two sheds that happened to be in his way; now he was stamping a dance, every muscle in incessant motion, half swallowing his trunk, flinging straw in every direction, and finally heaping it on his head. A mob of people stood gazing from a distance, laughing at his heavy, clumsy movements; at the least step forward they[Pg 113] huddled back to fly, extending the circle, but still staring at the patient. In an adjoining stable were two more elephants very well cared for, the V neatly painted in red and white on their trunks, quietly eating and turning round only at the bidding of the driver; but one of them shed tears. The rajah's sleeping-room has at one end a dais ascended by three steps; here the sovereign's bed used to be spread; and here, now, the judges of the Supreme Court have their seats. In the middle of the room was a confused array of benches and tables, and against the walls, also washed with yellow, hung a series of portraits of bewigged worthies. No new clues offered themselves. He detached one of the hard, adhering chunks of gum and dropped it into his pocket, “just in case,” he said, half-grinning, “just in case they transfer themselves somewhere else. I’ll leave twenty-nine of them—and see.” The Lieutenant and Si and Shorty tried to make themselves believe that the noise was receding, showing that the rebels were being driven. At times it certainly was so, and then again it would burst out, Naturally, the boys were big-eyed all the time with the sights that filled the landscape near and far. Wherever they looked they were astonished, and when in a march they came out on a crest that commanded a wide view, they could not help halting, to drink all its wonders in. Even the experienced Si and Shorty were as full of amazement as they, and watched with fascination the spectacle of mighty preparation and concentrated power. "It has a great deal to do with this lecture with which you have favored us," answered the Major dryly. "But we'll not discuss that in open court. Are you through with the witness, Judge-Advocate? If so, call the next." "But I'm not going to leave you alone to brood," Albin said. "Because I'm your friend. And brooding isn't good for you. It's brooding that's got you into such a state—where you worry about growing things, for God's sake, and about freedom and silly things like that." Albin grinned. "What you've got to do is stop worrying, and I know how to get you to do that, kiddo. I really do." "Where may I learn the others?" But Gornom didn't answer, and Cadnan's breathing-space was over. He had to be back at the board, pushing buttons, watching carefully. Gornom stood behind him, peering over his shoulder with a cloudy eye. Neither said a word until the new spell of work was over. Then Cadnan repeated his question. He had become separated from the other searchers, and was alone on the west side of the Moor. The wind barked and howled, hurling itself upon him as he stood, beating his face with hail, which hissed into the dead tangles of the heather, while the stripped thorns yapped and rattled, and the bushes roared. So great was the tumult that he seemed to fall into it like a stone into a wave—it passed over him, round him, seemed even to pass under him, he was hardly conscious of the solid ground. The blackness was impenetrable, save where his lantern stained it with a yellow smudge. He shouted, but his voice perished in the din—it seemed as if his whole man, sight, voice, hearing, and sensation, was blurring into the storm, as if Boarzell had swamped him at last, made him merely one of its hundred voices, mocking the manhood which had tried so much against its earth. 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